Peru

From HFA-PEDIA

1 What's New
2 HFA National Reports:
3 National Platform:
4 HFA National Focal Point:
5 Other Contacts
- 5.1 Other
6 Country profile:
- 6.1 Institutional Setting
7 Progress:
8 Other Documents
9 Web Links

What's New

Peru strengthens disaster risk management with IDB support

Jul 26, 2011

New loan for $25 million will help support implementation of reforms

The Inter-American Development Bank approved a $25 million loan to support Peru's efforts to reduce its vulnerability to natural disasters and enhance its ability to respond to emergencies.

Peru is one of the Latin American countries most exposed to natural disasters risks. According to a recent assessment carried out by the IDB, an earthquake similar to those that occurred recently in Haiti or Chile could cause losses of up to $43 billion in Peru.

This is the second in a series of programmatic policy-based operations for Peru. The first, for $25 million, was approved in 2010. The third, for $20 million, is scheduled for 2012. These flexible loans provide governments fast-disbursing resources to finance priority programs. Disbursements take place once agreed targets are achieved.

Under the first operation, the IDB supported the Peruvian government’s process of regulatory, institutional, and public policy reform in the areas of risk identification, vulnerability reduction, disaster management and financial management of natural disaster risk.

The second operation will support the Peruvian government’s to draft and approve regulations within the legal framework of its National Disaster Risk Management System. The regulations resulting from the new law will place Peru at the region’s forefront in terms of disaster risk management.

The new loan is for 20 years, with a 5-year grace period and a variable interest rate based on LIBOR. The executing agency is the Ministry of Economy and Finance of Peru, acting through the National Office of Public Sector Borrowing and the Sector Loan Coordination Unit.

Source: Inter-American Development Bank; 26 July, 2011

HFA National Reports:

National Report 2008: 2008 National Report - Peru (HFA Monitor; Spanish)

National Report 2007: National Report on the Implementation of the HFA (2007) - Peru (Spanish)

National Report 2006: Unreported

National Report 2005: Unreported

National Report 2004: National Report in preparation for WCDR (2004) - Peru (Spanish)

National Platform:

Launched on February 27, 2009

National Platform Focal Point:

Instituto Nacional de Defensa Civil (INDECI), Perú

Address: Calle Dr. Ricardo Angulo Ramírez Nº 694 Urb. Corpac, San Isidro - Lima, Perú Tel: +(511)225-989, +(511) 225-9898 E-mail: defensacivil@indeci.gob.pe URL: www.indeci.gob.pe

Peru's National Platform is made-up of representatives from the following public and private entities:

Presidencia del Consejo de Ministros, quien lo preside

Instituto Nacional de Defensa Civil; que actúa como Secretaría Técnica

Ministerio de Agricultura

Ministerio del Ambiente

Ministerio de Comercio Exterior y Turismo

Ministerio de Defensa

Ministerio de Economía y Finanzas

Ministerio de Educación

Ministerio de Energía y Minas

Ministerio del Interior

Ministerio de Justicia

Ministerio de la Mujer y Desarrollo Social

Ministerio de Producción

Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores

Ministerio de Salud

Ministerio de Trabajo y Promoción del Empleo

Ministerio de Transportes y Comunicaciones

Ministerio de Vivienda, Construcción y Saneamiento

Centro de Planeamiento Estratégico

Asociación de Gobiernos Regionales.

Asociación de Municipalidades del Perú;

Organizaciones Científico – Tecnológicas

Asamblea Nacional de Rectores

Grupo de Apoyo Empresarial para la Prevención de Emergencias

Mesa de Concertación de Lucha Contra la Pobreza

Asociación Nacional de Centros de Investigación, Promoción Social y Desarrollo (ONGs)

La Red Humanitaria

Medios de Comunicación

Organizaciones Sociales de Base

Congreso de la Republica

Acuerdo Nacional

Others

HFA National Focal Point:

National Institute of Civil Defense - INDECI (Instituto Nacional de Defensa Civil)

Address: Fields Presidency of the Council of Ministers, Esquina Streets 1 and 21. Urb Corpac, San Isidro, Lima.

Contact Person: General Alfredo Murgueytio Espinoza (September 2011)

Phone: + (511) 225-9898

Fax: + (511) 225-9898

Website: http://www.indeci.gob.pe

Technical Focal Point:

Jesús Percy Alvarado Vadillo, Director of International Affairs and Cooperation - INDECI.

Phone: 00(51-1) 224-0879, 00 (51-1) 224-0879,

E-mail: palvarado@indeci.gob.pe

Other Contacts

Permanent Mission of Peru to the United Nations in Geneva

Chief:

His Excellency Mr. José Eduardo Ponce Vivanco

Ambassador

Permanent Representative

Address: Avenue Louis Casaï 71, 1216 Cointrin

Tel: +(41-22) 791-7720, Fax: +(41-22) 791-7729

E-mail: mission.peru@ties.itu.int

URL: http://www.misiondelperuenginebra.com

UN System Coordination

UNDG: UNCT Peru

UN Resident Coordinator

Mr. Jorge Chediek

Tel: 51-1-2133200, Fax: 51-14-4472278

E-mail: jorge.chediek@undp.org

UN Inter-Agency Support

Ms. Pilar Airaldi, Secretary

Tel: (511) 213-3200 x 2002

E-mail: pilar.airaldi@undp.org

Mr. Enrique Roman, Coordination Specialist

Tel: 511-213-3200 x 2600

E-mail: enrique.roman@undp.org

Ms. Sol Sanguinetti, Coordination Analyst

Tel: (511) 213-3200 x 2601

E-mail: sol.sanguinetti@undp.org

UN Country Team

Mr. Jorge Chediek: Resident Coordinator, UNDP System

Mr. Roberto Cuevas García: Representative, FAO

Mr. Jose Miguel Ceppi: Regional Director, ICAO

Mr. José Luis Daza: Sub-Regional Director, ILO

Ms. Pilar Norza: Regional Director, IOM

Ms. Patricia Bracamonte: Officer in Charge a.i. for Peru, Ecuador and Bolivia, UNAIDS

Mr. Manuel Peña: Representative, PAHO/WHO

Mr. Flavio Mirella: Representative, UNDCP

Ms. Katherine Muller-Marin: Representative, UNESCO

Ms. Maria Ines Scudellari: National Officer in Charge, UNIC

Mr. Guido Cornale: Representative, UNICEF

Mr. Jose Andres Bellido: Representative, UNITAR

Mr. Pericles Gasparini: Director, UN-LIREC

Mr. Giuseppe Mancinelli: Head of Office, UNOPS

Mr. Guy Gauvreau: Representative, WFP

Mr. Felipe Jaramillo: Representative, World Bank

Mr. Esteban Caballero: Representative, UNFPA

Ms. Luis Breuer: Representative, IMF

Mrs. Silvia Rucks: Deputy Resident Representative, UNDP

Mr. Massimo Salsi: Security Adviser, UNDSS

Mr. Enrique Roman: Coordination Support, UNDP System

Ms. Sol Sanguinetti: Coordination Support, UNDP System

Ms. Pilar Airaldi: Coordination Support, UNDP System

Updated: 28.5.2008; UNDG, Country Team

United Nations Development Programme (UNDP)

Address: Av. Benavides 786 - Miraflores. Apdo. Postal 18-0923 Lima 18 - Miraflores Lima, Peru.

Phone: (51-1) 213-3200, fax: (51-1) 4472278.

E-Mail: foper@pnud.org.pe

Website: http://www.pnud.org.pe/homepage.asp

Other

Oxfam National Bureau

Address: Baltazar Tower 906, San Isidro

Tel: (51-1) 2641-223, Fax: (51-1) 264-0007

URL: http://www.oxfam.org.uk

Doctors Without Borders (Belgium Mission)

Address: Street Yenuri Chiguala 130, Urb. Von Humboldt, Miraflores, Lima 18

Tel: (51-1) 448-4533, Fax: (51-1) 271-2636

E- Mail: msfb-lima@brussels.msf.org

International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (Southern Cone)

Address: Los Naranjos 351, San Isidro, Lima 27

Tel: (51-1) 221-8151 / 221-8333, Fax: (51-1) 441-3607

E-mail: ifrcbue@satlink.com

URL: http://www.ifrcbue.org.ar/

National Institute for Civil Defense (INDECI)

Contact: Luis Felipe Rodriguez Palomino

Address: Fields Presidency of the Council of Ministers, Streets Corner 1 and 21. Urb Corpac, San Isidrio, Lima

Tel: +511-225-9898 Fax: +511-225-9898,

E-mail: defensacivil@indeci.gob.pe

URL: http://www.indeci.gob.pe

Ministry of Education

Address: Street Van de Velde 160 San Borja

Tel: (51-1) 215-5800 / 4353900.

URL: http://www.minedu.gob.pe/

National Environmental Council (CONAM)

Industry: Presidency of the Council of Ministers

Address: Av. Civil Guard No. 205, Lima.

Tel: (51-1) 225-5370, Fax: (51-1) 225-5369

URL: http://www.conam.gob.pe

National Council of Science and Technology (CONCYTEC)

Industry: Ministry of Education

Address: Calle Trade No. 197

Tel: (51-1) 225-1150 ext. 110 / 2251143, Fax: (51-1) 224-0920

URL: http://www.concytec.gob.pe

National Commission for Aerospace Research and Development (CONIDA)

Industry: Ministry of Defense

Address: Felipe Villarán No. 1069

Tel: (51-1) 441-9081, Fax: (51-1) 441-9081

URL: http://www.conida.gob.pe/

Japanese-Peruvian Center for Research in Earthquake Disaster Mitigation (CISMID)

Address: Av. Tupac Amaru No. 1150 Rimac, Lima

Tel: (51-1) 482-0777, 482-0790; Fax: (51-1) 481-0170, 482-0804

URL: http://www.cismid-uni.org/

Center for Studies and Disaster Prevention (PREDES)

Address: Martin of Porres 161, San Isidro, Lima 27, Peru.

Tel/Fax: (511) 221-0251, (511) 222-0762, (511) 442-3410

URL: http://www.predes.org.pe/p_moquegua2.htm

National Geographic Institute (IGN)

Industry: Ministry of Defense

Address: Av. Aramburú No. 1190 - 1198, Lima

Tel: (51-1) 475-3030, Fax: (51-1) 475-3085

URL: http://www.ignperu.gob.pe

Geophysical Institute of Peru (IGP)

Industry: Ministry of Education

Address: Street Calatrava No. 216. Urb. Camino Real, Lima

Tel: (51-1) 436-8437, Fax: (51-1) 436-8437

URL: http://www.igp.gob.pe/

Institute of The Sea from Peru (IMARPE)

Industry: Ministry of Production

Address: Corner Gamarra and Gral. Valley s / n. Chuchito, Callao

Tel: (51-1) 420-2000 and 429-7630, Fax: (51-1) 465-6023

URL: http://www.imarpe.gob.pe/

Geological Institute Mining and Metallurgy (INGEMMET)

Industry: Ministry of Energy and Mines

Address: Av. Canada No. 1470, Lima

Tel: (51-1) 224-2963, 224-2964 and 224-2965, Fax: (51-1) 225-4540

URL: http://www.ingemmet.gob.pe/

National Institute for Natural Resources (INRENA)

Industry: Ministry of Agriculture

Address: Street Seventeen. 355 Urb. El Palomar, Lima

Tel: (51-1) -224 -3298, Fax: (51-1) 224-3218

URL: http://www.inrena.gob.pe

National Service of Meteorology and Hydrology (SENAMHI)

Industry: Ministry of Defense

Address: Av. Cahuide No. 785, Lima

Tel: (51-1) 414-1414, fax: (51-1) 471-7287

URL: http://www.senamhi.gob.pe

National Program Management Watershed and Soil Conservation (PRONAMACHCS)

Industry: Ministry of Agriculture

Address: Av. 155 Alameda del Corregidor, La Molina, Lima

Tel: (51-1) 349-1406

URL: http://www.pronamachcs.gob.pe

Consortium for Sustainable Development of the Andean Eco Region (CONDESAN)

Address: Av. 1895 La Molina, Lima 12, Peru

Tel: (51-1) 317-5313, Fax (51-1) 317-5326

URL: http://www.condesan.org

Institute for Development and Environment (IDMA)

Address: Av. Boulevard 1048 Saint Borja Lima 41.

Tel: (51-1) 224-9641 / 226 3761 / 225 7181

E-mail: idma1@speedy.com.pe

URL: http://www.geocities.com/idma.geo/

Ministry of Health

General Defense Office

Address: 317 Street San Isidro Marconi, Lima

Tel: (51-1) 222-0642 / 2222059, Fax: (51-1) 222 -1226

Mail: cbambarena@minsa.gob.pe

URL: http://www.minsa.gob.pe/ogdn/

Red Cross Peruvian

Address: Avenue Arequipa, 1285, Lima

Tel: (51-1) 265-8784 / 265-8785 / 265-8786, Fax: (51-1) 265-8788

E-mail: serperu@mail.iaxis.com.pe

URL: http://www.cruzroja.org.pe/index1.htm

Pan American Center for Sanitary Engineering and Environmental Sciences (CEPIS)

Address: 259 Los Pinos, Urb. Camacho, La Molina, Lima 12, Mailbox: 4337, Lima 100

Tel: (51-1) 437-1077, Fax: (51-1) 437-8289

E-Mail: cepis@cepis.ops-oms.org

URL: http://www.cepis.ops-oms.org/

Regional Centre for Seismology South America (CERESIS)

Address: Avenue Arequipa 701. Fencing - Lima 1. P.O. Box: 14-0363, Lima, Peru

Tel: (51-1) 433-6750, Fax: (51-1) 332-1288

E-mail: giescere@inictel.gob.pe

URL: http://www.ceresis.org/new/

Corporation Andina of Foment (CAF) - Peru Representation

Address: Ave. Enrique Canaval and Moreyra, 380, Building Twenty-first Century Tower, Floor 9. San Isidro - Lima 27 - Peru

Tel: (51-1) 221-3566, Fax: (51-1) 221-0968

E-mail: peru@caf.com

Project Recovery and Natural Disaster Prevention (PAEN) of the Regional Government of Piura

Address: Street Ebanos the L-1 # 9 Urb. Miraflores, Castilla - Piura

Tel: (51-7) 334-3327 / 346931 Fax: (51-7) 334-6944

E-mail: peru@caf.com

ITDG

Address: Av. Jorge Chavez 275 - Miraflores, P.O. Box: 18-0620, 18 Lima

Tel: (51-1) 447-5127, 444-7055, 446-7324, Fax: (51-1) 446-6621

E-mail: info@itdg.org.pe

URL: http://www.itdg.org.pe, http://www.itdg.org.pe/Programas/desastres/desastres.htm

Country profile:

Name: República del Perú

Capital: Lima

Independence Day: 28 July (1821 from Spain)

Population Total: 28,674,757 (July 2007 est.)

Area: 1,285,220 km2

Density: 22 hab/Km2

Religions: Roman Catholic 81%, Seventh Day Adventist 1.4%, other Christian 0.7%, other 0.6%, unspecified or none 16.3% (2003 est.).

Language: Spanish (official), Quechua (official), Aymara, and a large number of minor Amazonian languages.

Ethnics Groups: Amerindian 45%, mestizo (mixed Amerindian and white) 37%, white 15%, black, Japanese, Chinese, and other 3%.

Government: Constitutional Republic.

Currency: Nuevo sol.

IDH Position: 79°

Geographical Description (about Hazards and Disasters)

The territory of Peru, is constantly exposed to the effects of the phenomena of natural origin, due to its geographical location in the Pacific ring of fire - highly seismic region. Influenced significantly in the seismic activity and climatic changes affecting it, which is found in tropical and subtropical region of South America and the Andes crossing from south to Peru north.El is constantly exposed to the occurrence of geological and geophysical phenomena, which are a serious threat to the security of the population and infrastructure development. From the variety of disasters that affect Peruvian territory are identified as the most frequent and severe socio-economic impact: earthquakes, avalanches of mud (huaycos in the Quechua language), landslides, floods, droughts and ecological changes at sea. The high seismic activity is recorded in Peruvian territory is mainly due to the known interaction of tectonic plates Continental and Nazca, which affects the whole coast.

The valleys and watersheds in the eastern and western slopes of the Andes, which have steep slopes and an important geological instability, recorded a high vulnerability to heavy rains, this makes the occurrence of mud avalanches, landslides, cave-ins, and so on. Likewise, many of the formations glaciers in the high peaks also accuse instability and, because of the intense process of deglaciación, are a source of constant danger of avalanches. Droughts and floods are recurring phenomena and inherent in the semi-arid and sub-humid climates, usually observed in the tropics and subtropics, as is the case in Peru.

Between climatic variations is the well-known phenomenon of El Niño, which is mainly due to fluctuations in the natural system of interaction of the ocean and the troposphere in the equatorial Pacific. This phenomenon is observed with variable frequencies and intensities, sometimes with severe flooding on the northern coast and high temperatures of the ocean, which produce changes in the ecological system and affected the fishing activity in normal periods. On the other hand, during periods of summer in the southern hemisphere, are registered with recurrence heavy rainfall above normal, which then produce flooding of rivers, avalanches and mud slides, especially in the watersheds of the eastern and western slopes of Andes, with impact on its inhabitants, its agriculture, roads and housing.

Institutional Setting

Peru's main tool surrounding DRR and emergency response is the Prevention and Attention to Disasters is the National System of Civil Defense (SINADECI), established on March 28, 1972. The SINADECI which was conceived as a series organized by public and private entities that because of his skills or activities having to do with the different fields involved in the work of disaster prevention and care, aims to "protect the population preventing damage, providing timely and appropriate assistance and ensuring their rehabilitation in the event of a disaster or calamity of any kind, whatever their origin. "

Among the main objectives it has set itself, it considers:

A. To prevent damage, avoiding or decreasing its impact. B. Provide assistance and guidance to the people to overcome the circumstances of the disaster or calamity. C. Ensuring the rehabilitation of the affected population. D. To sensitize the population on the role of civil defense and their participation in it. E. Ensure, in any event, the conditions for the continuous development of the activities of the country.

The National Institute of Civil Defense (INDECI) is the lead agency and conductor of the National System of Civil Defense, which is responsible for organizing the population, coordination, planning and control of activities of civil defense, which also consists of Regional Systems Civil defense, integrated turn by the Regional Committees, Provincial and District Civil defense, the Regional Offices of Civil Defense and the Office of Civil Defense of Local Governments, and at the national level by the Office of Civil Defense Corporations State Institutional and Sectoral Civil defense.

The Civil defense Committees are hierarchical, this means that the Regional Committee for Civil Defense committees should supervise the Provincial Civil defense in its jurisdiction without such action relieving responsibility to them, in turn acting as a coordinator between them and for Civil defense tasks. In the same way act the Provincial Civil defense Committees with regard to their district.

While the overall coordination of the system and formulation of policies and guidelines are the responsibility of the INDECI, regional levels are relatively autonomous in carrying out their plans, programmes and projects, provided that they are part of national policy:

"Optimize disaster management at national level, to incorporate the concept of prevention in the process of development and achieve an integrated system, orderly, efficient and decentralized participation of the authorities and the general public by eliminating or reducing loss of life, property and environmental materials, and therefore the socio-economic impact."

The INDECI addition to the Central Advisory Council, has an Advisory Council on International Relations, a Scientific Technological Consultative Council, an advisory board Interregional on the coordination of policies and actions that cross them.

The National System of Civil Defense conducts its activities in prevention, care and rehabilitation of affected areas. These activities are conducted in accordance with the guidance of the National Plan for Prevention and Attention to Disasters, which defines different areas of the institutional development of strategies, actions, programmes and management tools at sectoral, regional and local levels. The main strategies are based on:

1. Encouraging risk estimate as a result of natural hazards and man-made. 2. Emphasize prevention activities and risk reduction. 3. Promoting the incorporation of the concept of prevention into development planning. 4. Encourage institutional strengthening. 5. Encourage community participation in disaster prevention. 6. Optimizing the response to emergencies and disasters.

In order to systematize knowledge of the hazards, vulnerabilities and risks in the national territory and have information on monitoring and warning systems, responsiveness and management processes, INDECI has organized an Integrated Information System, at the service of SINADECI. This tool is essential for efficient prioritization of the activities and projects of the institutions and programs of the National Plan for Prevention and Attention to Disasters, as it enables the diagnosis of unsafe conditions and the ability of institutional response to act in situations of disaster in the country.

In 2002 the Multisectoral Committee for Disaster Prevention and Response was created, which is responsible for coordinating, evaluating, prioritizing and monitoring measures to prevent damage, as well as response and rehabilitation in areas of the country in imminent danger or affected by disasters of great magnitude.

Progress:

(2007 Report):

Updates since:

Legislature

2007 Resolution surrounding evacuation drills within the educational sector (Spanish):

La nueva Resolución Directorial del Ministerio de Educación - Normas para la implementación de simulacros en el sistema educativo, en el marco de la educación en gestión de riesgos

HFA P1 - Institutional and legal framework

National Report on Disaster Reduction in Peru

http://www.unisdr.org/eng/country-inform/reports/Peru-report.pdf

Supreme Decree No. 001-A-2004-SGMD (National Plan for Prevention and Emergency Response)

http://www.indeci.gob.pe/norma_leg/normas_indeci/dec_sup_n001-2004.pdf

Decree Law No. 19338: Law of the National System of Civil Defense

http://www.indeci.gob.pe/norma_leg/normas_sinadeci/ley%2019338%20texto%20ordenado%20ley%20del%20sinadeci.pdf

Supreme Decree No. 005-88-SGMD: Regulation of the Law of the National System of Civil Defense.

http://www.indeci.gob.pe/norma_leg/normas_sinadeci/decreto%20dupremo%20n%20005-88-sgmd.pdf

Decreto Supremo Nº 058-2001-PCM ), modificatorias y ampliatorias del Reglamento del Sistema Nacional de Defensa Civil

http://www.indeci.gob.pe/norma_leg/normas_sinadeci/decreto%20supremo%20n%20058-2001-pcm.pdf

Decreto Supremo Nº 081-2002-PCM Creación de la Comisión Multisectorial de Prevención y Atención de Desastres

http://www.indeci.gob.pe/norma_leg/inspeciones/decreto%20supremo%20n%20081-2002-pcm.pdf

Normas Legales Vigentes (instituciones y leyes relacionadas con desastres)

http://www.indeci.gob.pe/norma_leg/norm_leg.htm

Informe sobre los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio en Perú

http://www.onu.org.pe/odm/

HFA P2 - Risk identification and EWS:

Fenómeno El Niño, 1997 - 1998

http://www.crid.or.cr/digitalizacion/pdf/spa/doc12863/doc12863.htm

La Oscilación del Sur, alteraciones en la presión atmosférica

http://www.crid.or.cr/digitalizacion/pdf/spa/doc10518/doc10518.htm

Travesuras de "El Niño”: Un fenómeno que no tiene cuando acabar

http://www.crid.or.cr/digitalizacion/pdf/spa/doc10516/doc10516.htm

Guía sobre el control de calidad del agua potable

http://www.crid.or.cr/digitalizacion/pdf/spa/doc14595/doc14595.htm

Capítulo 12: Determinación de áreas con riesgo potencial de erosión con sistema de información geográfica y percepción remota, sector: Quebrada La Solana, Río Quiroz, Margen izquierda Río Macara Piura - Región Grau.

http://www.crid.or.cr/digitalizacion/pdf/spa/doc10271/doc10271.htm

El Niño 97/98: Balance y perspectivas

http://www.crid.or.cr/digitalizacion/pdf/spa/doc10189/doc10189.htm

Algunos apuntes históricos adicionales sobre la cronología de El Niño

http://www.crid.or.cr/digitalizacion/pdf/spa/doc9289/doc9289.htm

Evidencias de grandes precipitaciones en diversas etapas constructivas de la Huaca de la Luna, costa norte del Perú

http://www.crid.or.cr/digitalizacion/pdf/spa/doc9287/doc9287.htm

Avances sobre estudios dendrocronológicos en la región costera norte del Perú para obtener un registro pasado del fenómeno El Niño

http://www.crid.or.cr/digitalizacion/pdf/spa/doc9285/doc9285.htm

Registros de la vegetación en la costa peruana en relación con el fenómeno El Niño

http://www.crid.or.cr/digitalizacion/pdf/spa/doc9284/doc9284.htm

El fenómeno de "El Niño" y los moluscos de la costa peruana

http://www.crid.or.cr/digitalizacion/pdf/spa/doc9278/doc9278.htm

Variaciones de la temperatura superficial del mar en Puerto Chicama y del índice de oscilación del sur: 1925 - 1992

http://www.crid.or.cr/digitalizacion/pdf/spa/doc9276/doc9276.htm

¿Ocurrencias del tiempo? fenómenos naturales y sociedad en el Perú colonial

http://www.crid.or.cr/digitalizacion/pdf/spa/doc5958/doc5958.htm

Metodología de análisis de riesgo a desastres mediante la aplicación de sistemas de información geográfica: Propuesta metodológica para el análisis de vulnerabilidad en la Región San Martín, Perú

http://www.crid.or.cr/digitalizacion/pdf/spa/doc5957/doc5957.htm